Read and write from a serial port

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Web apps should be able to do anything iOS/Android/desktop apps can. The Capabilitiesproject, of which Serial API is only a part, aims to do justthat. To learn about other capabilities and to keep up with their progress,follow Unlocking new capabilities for the web.

What is the Serial API? #

A serial port is a bidirectional communication interface that allows sending andreceiving data byte by byte.

The Serial API provides a way for websites to read from and write to a serialdevice with JavaScript. Serial devices are connected either through a serialport on the user's system or through removable USB and Bluetooth devices thatemulate a serial port.

In other words, the Serial API bridges the web and the physical world byallowing websites to communicate with serial devices, such as microcontrollersand 3D printers.

This API is also a great companion to WebUSB as operating systems requireapplications to communicate with some serial ports using their higher-levelserial API rather than the low-level USB API.

This article reflects the Serial API as implemented in Chrome 86 and later. Someproperty names have changed from previous versions.

Suggested use cases #

In the educational, hobbyist, and industrial sectors, users connect peripheraldevices to their computers. These devices are often controlled bymicrocontrollers via a serial connection used by custom software. Some customsoftware to control these devices is built with web technology:

In some cases, websites communicate with the device through an agentapplication that users installed manually. In others, the application isdelivered in a packaged application through a framework such as Electron.And in others, the user is required to perform an additional step such ascopying a compiled application to the device via a USB flash drive.

In all these cases, the user experience will be improved by providing directcommunication between the website and the device that it is controlling.

Current status #

Using the Serial API #

Enabling via chrome://flags #

To experiment with the Serial API locally on all desktop platforms, without anorigin trial token, enable the #experimental-web-platform-features flag inchrome://flags.

Enabling support during the origin trial phase #

The Serial API is available on all desktop platforms (Chrome OS, Linux, macOS,and Windows) as an origin trial in Chrome 80. The origin trial is expected toend just before Chrome 89 moves to stable in February 2021. The API can alsobe enabled using a flag.

Origin trials allow you to try new features and give feedback on theirusability, practicality, and effectiveness to the web standards community. Formore information, see the Origin Trials Guide for Web Developers.To sign up for this or another origin trial, visit the registration page.

Register for the origin trial #

1. Request a token for your origin.
2. Add the token to your pages. There are two ways to do that:
   • Add an origin-trial<meta> tag to the head of each page. For example,this may look something like:
     <meta http-equiv='origin-trial'>
   • If you can configure your server, you can also add the tokenusing an Origin-Trial HTTP header. The resulting response header shouldlook something like:
     Origin-Trial: TOKEN_GOES_HERE

Feature detection #

To check if the Serial API is supported, use:

Open a serial port #

The Serial API is asynchronous by design. This prevents the website UI fromblocking when awaiting input, which is important because serial data can bereceived at any time, requiring a way to listen to it.

To open a serial port, first access a SerialPort object. For this, you caneither prompt the user to select a single serial port by callingnavigator.serial.requestPort(), or pick one from navigator.serial.getPorts()which returns a list of serial ports the website has been granted access topreviously.

The navigator.serial.requestPort() function takes an optional object literalthat defines filters. Those are used to match any serial device connected overUSB with a mandatory USB vendor (usbVendorId) and optional USB productidentifiers (usbProductId).

Calling requestPort() prompts the user to select a device and returns aSerialPort object. Once you have a SerialPort object, calling port.open()with the desired baud rate will open the serial port. The baudRate dictionarymember specifies how fast data is sent over a serial line. It is expressed inunits of bits-per-second (bps). Check your device's documentation for thecorrect value as all the data you send and receive will be gibberish if this isspecified incorrectly. For some USB and Bluetooth devices that emulate a serialport this value may be safely set to any value as it is ignored by theemulation.

You can also specify any of the options below when opening a serial port. Theseoptions are optional and have convenient default values.

• dataBits: The number of data bits per frame (either 7 or 8).
• stopBits: The number of stop bits at the end of a frame (either 1 or 2).
• parity: The parity mode (either 'none', 'even' or 'odd').
• bufferSize: The size of the read and write buffers that should be created(must be less than 16MB).
• flowControl: The flow control mode (either 'none' or 'hardware').

Read from a serial port #

Input and output streams in the Serial API are handled by the Streams API.

If streams are new to you, check out Streams APIconcepts.This article barely scratches the surface of streams and stream handling.

After the serial port connection is established, the readable and writableproperties from the SerialPort object return a ReadableStream and aWritableStream. Those will be used to receive data from and send data to theserial device. Both use Uint8Array instances for data transfer.

When new data arrives from the serial device, port.readable.getReader().read()returns two properties asynchronously: the value and a done boolean. Ifdone is true, the serial port has been closed or there is no more data comingin. Calling port.readable.getReader() creates a reader and locks readable toit. While readable is locked, the serial port can't be closed.

Some non-fatal serial port read errors can happen under some conditions such asbuffer overflow, framing errors, or parity errors. Those are thrown asexceptions and can be caught by adding another loop on top of the previous onethat checks port.readable. This works because as long as the errors arenon-fatal, a new ReadableStream is created automatically. If a fatal erroroccurs, such as the serial device being removed, then port.readable becomesnull.

If the serial device sends text back, you can pipe port.readable through aTextDecoderStream as shown below. A TextDecoderStream is a transform streamthat grabs all Uint8Array chunks and converts them to strings.

Write to a serial port #

To send data to a serial device, pass data toport.writable.getWriter().write(). Calling releaseLock() onport.writable.getWriter() is required for the serial port to be closed later.

Send text to the device through a TextEncoderStream piped to port.writableas shown below.

Close a serial port #

port.close() closes the serial port if its readable and writable membersare unlocked, meaning releaseLock() has been called for their respectivereader and writer.

However, when continuously reading data from a serial device using a loop,port.readable will always be locked until it encounters an error. In thiscase, calling reader.cancel() will force reader.read() to resolveimmediately with { value: undefined, done: true } and therefore allowing theloop to call reader.releaseLock().

Closing a serial port is more complicated when using transform streams (likeTextDecoderStream and TextEncoderStream). Call reader.cancel() as before.Then call writer.close() and port.close(). This propagates errors throughthe transform streams to the underlying serial port. Because error propagationdoesn't happen immediately, you need to use the readableStreamClosed andwritableStreamClosed promises created earlier to detect when port.readableand port.writable have been unlocked. Cancelling the reader causes thestream to be aborted; this is why you must catch and ignore the resulting error.

Listen to connection and disconnection #

If a serial port is provided by a USB device then that device may be connectedor disconnected from the system. When the website has been granted permission toaccess a serial port, it should monitor the connect and disconnect events.

Prior to Chrome 89 the connect and disconnect events fired a customSerialConnectionEvent object with the affected SerialPort interfaceavailable as the port attribute. You may want to use event.port || event.target to handle the transition.

Handle signals #

After establishing the serial port connection, you can explicitly query and setsignals exposed by the serial port for device detection and flow control. Thesesignals are defined as boolean values. For example, some devices such as Arduinowill enter a programming mode if the Data Terminal Ready (DTR) signal istoggled.

Setting output signals and getting input signals are respectively done bycalling port.setSignals() and port.getSignals(). See usage examples below.

Transforming streams #

When you receive data from the serial device, you won't necessarily get all ofthe data at once. It may be arbitrarily chunked. For more information, seeStreams API concepts.

To deal with this, you can use some built-in transform streams such asTextDecoderStream or create your own transform stream which allows you toparse the incoming stream and return parsed data. The transform stream sitsbetween the serial device and the read loop that is consuming the stream. It canapply an arbitrary transform before the data is consumed. Think of it like anassembly line: as a widget comes down the line, each step in the line modifiesthe widget, so that by the time it gets to its final destination, it's a fullyfunctioning widget.

For example, consider how to create a transform stream class that consumes astream and chunks it based on line breaks. Its transform() method is calledevery time new data is received by the stream. It can either enqueue the data orsave it for later. The flush() method is called when the stream is closed, andit handles any data that hasn't been processed yet.

To use the transform stream class, you need to pipe an incoming stream throughit. In the third code example under Read from a serial port,the original input stream was only piped through a TextDecoderStream, so weneed to call pipeThrough() to pipe it through our new LineBreakTransformer.

For debugging serial device communication issues, use the tee() method ofport.readable to split the streams going to or from the serial device. The twostreams created can be consumed independently and this allows you to print oneto the console for inspection.

Dev Tips #

Debugging the Serial API in Chrome is easy with the internal page, chrome://device-logwhere you can see all serial device related events in one single place.

The internal page supports debugging the Serial API in Chrome 87 and later.

Codelab #

In the Google Developer codelab, you'll use the Serial API to interact with aBBC micro:bit board to show images on its 5x5 LED matrix.

Polyfill #

On Android, support for USB-based serial ports is possible using the WebUSB APIand the Serial API polyfill. This polyfill is limited to hardware andplatforms where the device is accessible via the WebUSB API because it has notbeen claimed by a built-in device driver.

Security and privacy #

The spec authors have designed and implemented the Serial API using the coreprinciples defined in Controlling Access to Powerful Web Platform Features,including user control, transparency, and ergonomics. The ability to use thisAPI is primarily gated by a permission model that grants access to only a singleserial device at a time. In response to a user prompt, the user must take activesteps to select a particular serial device.

To understand the security tradeoffs, check out the security and privacysections of the Serial API Explainer.

Feedback #

The Chrome team would love to hear about your thoughts and experiences with theSerial API.

Tell us about the API design #

Is there something about the API that doesn't work as expected? Or are theremissing methods or properties that you need to implement your idea?

File a spec issue on the Serial API GitHub repo or add your thoughtsto an existing issue.

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Report a problem with the implementation #

Did you find a bug with Chrome's implementation? Or is the implementationdifferent from the spec?

File a bug at https://new.crbug.com. Be sure to include as muchdetail as you can, provide simple instructions for reproducing the bug, and haveComponents set to Blink>Serial. Glitch works great forsharing quick and easy repros.

Show support #

Are you planning to use the Serial API? Your public support helps the Chrometeam prioritize features and shows other browser vendors how critical it is tosupport them.

Hello Inspector Serial App

Send a Tweet to @ChromiumDev with the hashtag#SerialAPIand let us know where and how you're using it.

Helpful links #

• Blink Component: Blink>Serial

Demos:

Acknowledgements #

Thanks to Reilly Grant and Joe Medley for their reviews of this article.Aeroplane factory photo by Birmingham Museums Trust on Unsplash.

Hello Mini (MX Player) : Web Series Story, Cast, Wiki, Real Name, Crew Details, Released Date and More

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Hello Mini is an original web series of MX player. In this web series, actors like Anuja Joshi, Priya Benerjee, Arjun Aneja will be seen. This web series will be available on MX Player from 1 October 2019. There are total 15 parts of this web series.

Plot

Hello Mini is the story of a 22-year-old Rivanah who shifts from Kolkata to Mumbai. But in the show, it is gradually revealed that she is being followed by someone in the new city, who neither has any name nor any identity. Rivanah finds herself trapped in this situation but realizes that those who are following her are actually helping her, but everything comes at a cost, because the stranger’s obsession with her and eventually her. Together, her life takes on a dangerous path, affecting her life and the lives of all those around him.

Cast

In this web series, Anuja Joshi is seen as the lead artist who is playing the role of Rivanah. Apart from them, artists like Priya Benerjee, Arjun Aneja are also associated in this show. The artists who are working in this show are given below.

Lead Cast

• Anuja Joshi as Rivanah Banerjee
• Priya Banerjee as Ishita
• Arjun Aneja as HR Prateek Basotia
• Anshul Pandey as Ekansh
• Gaurav Chopra as Aditya Grover, Ishita’s boyfriend
• Ankur Rathee as Abhiraj Mukherjee
• Vineet Sharma as Inspector Mohan Kamble
• Mrinal Dutt as Danny Abraham

Supporting Cast

• Sam Sethi as Stranger
• Anjuman Saxena as Mrs. Banerjee
• Dhananjay Kapoor as Mr. Banerjee
• Riya Bhattacharya as Megha
• Rohit Bhardwaj as Adil
• Tamara D Souza as Asha
• Netesh Kumar as Vinay
• Sandeep Dhabale as Mukund
• Sidhharth Danda as Ashish
• Joy Sen Gupta as Shridhar
• Tulsi Prajapati as Reena
• Om Kanojiya as Chotu
• Hema as Riya’s Mother
• Tanishka Vishe as Ratna
• Sanya Bansal as Pooja
• Arshiya Khanna as Mou
• Renu Jaisinghani as Mrs. Mukherjee
• Pyarali as Mr. Mukherjee
• Sanjeev Vichare as Male Constable

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If you have more details about the show Hello Mini, then please comment below down we try to update it within an hour